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With emerging CO2 mineralization technologies, it is possible to produce different CaCO3 polymorphs (i.e. calcite, vaterite, aragonite) with distinct morphologies. When used as a Portland cement replacement, we have found that these polymorphs have varying effects on key cement properties, including hydration kinetics and rheology. Further, we have found that metastable vaterite remains stable in cement-based systems, opening up their potential to serve as functional fillers.

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Cement production accounts for 8% of all man-made CO₂ emissions. This is largely due to the use of carbon-containing limestone (CaCO₃) as a key feedstock material. The calcination of limestone to obtain lime (CaO) leads to direct CO₂ emissions, while the use of fossil fuels for heating leads to indirect CO₂ emissions.